Oleh : dr. Cecelia Estrelia Damayanti
Pernahkah Anda meninggalkan anak hanya sebentar, namun ia langsung menangis kencang? Tidak sedikit orang tua yang pernah mengalami situasi ini ketika anak menangis histeris meskipun hanya ditinggal sebentar. Namun, jika tangisan dan kecemasannya berlangsung terus-menerus atau tampak berlebihan, hal tersebut bisa menjadi tanda adanya separation anxiety disorder (SAD).
Salah satu jenis gangguan kecemasan ini, umumnya dialami oleh anak-anak. Meski perasaan sedih atau cemas saat berpisah dengan orangtua adalah hal yang wajar pada usia dini, kondisi ini perlu diwaspadai jika telah mengganggu aktivitas harian dan perkembangan anak.
Apa itu separation anxiety disorder (SAD)?
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) adalah salah satu jenis gangguan kecemasan yang biasanya dialami oleh anak-anak dan berpengaruh pada kesehatan mental anak. Kondisi ini muncul ketika seseorang merasa sangat takut atau cemas saat harus berpisah dari orang yang paling dekat dengannya, seperti orang tua atau pengasuhnya.
SAD termasuk gangguan psikologis yang diakui secara medis dan dapat memengaruhi perkembangan emosional dan sosial anak. Diperkirakan sekitar 4% hingga 5% anak-anak di seluruh dunia mengalami gangguan ini. Kondisi ini terutama terjadi saat masih bayi atau di bawah usia lima tahun.
Umumnya, gejala SAD lebih parah terhadap perpisahan yang biasa dialami hampir setiap anak pada tingkat tertentu antara usia 18 bulan hingga 3 tahun. Beberapa anak masih menunjukkan reaksi emosional yang cukup kuat pada setiap kali harus berpisah dari orang tuanya, seperti menangis hingga meraung-raung. Reaksinya bukan hanya sekadar tangisan biasa, tetapi juga disertai dengan perasaan sedih, takut, gelisah, dan cemas yang berlebihan.
Dalam kondisi yang cukup berat, hal ini dapat berdampak pada berbagai aspek kehidupan anak, termasuk mengganggu konsentrasi, kegiatan belajar, dan kenyamanan saat berada di lingkungan sekolah.
Gejala Separation Anxiety Disorder pada Anak
Gejala separation anxiety disorder dapat bervariasi pada tiap anak, namun secara umum mencakup beberapa hal berikut:
-
- Anak terus-menerus menangis atau meraung-raung saat harus berpisah dengan orang tua, meskipun hanya sebentar.
- Anak menunjukkan rasa takut yang tidak wajar dan berlebihan akan hal-hal buruk yang bisa terjadi pada dirinya atau orangtua saat berpisah.
- Anak sering menolak atau bahkan menolak total untuk pergi ke sekolah, les, atau aktivitas lain yang mengharuskan ia berjauhan dari orang tua
- Munculnya keluhan seperti sakit perut, sakit kepala, mual, atau pusing saat waktu perpisahan tiba, padahal tidak ditemukan gangguan fisik yang mendasari.
- Anak enggan tidur di kamar terpisah dan membutuhkan kehadiran orang tua untuk bisa merasa tenang saat tidur.
- Anak sering mengalami mimpi buruk yang berkaitan dengan kehilangan, penculikan, atau ditinggalkan oleh orang tua.
- Anak terlihat terus-menerus khawatir tentang kemungkinan berpisah, meskipun sedang bersama orang tuanya.
Gejala-gejala ini biasanya berlangsung selama minimal empat minggu dan menimbulkan gangguan nyata dalam aktivitas harian anak. Jika tidak ditangani dengan tepat, kondisi ini dapat berdampak jangka panjang terhadap perkembangan emosional dan sosial anak.
Penyebab Separation Anxiety Disorder pada Anak
Penyebab separation anxiety disorder (SAD) bisa berasal dari berbagai faktor yang saling berkaitan. Salah satu penyebab utamanya adalah ikatan emosional yang sangat kuat dengan orang tua, terutama jika anak tidak terbiasa berpisah sejak dini. SAD juga hasil interaksi antara faktor biologis, psikologis, dan lingkungan.
Anak yang memiliki temperamen sensitif atau mudah cemas sejak kecil cenderung lebih berisiko. Pengalaman traumatis seperti kematian orang terdekat, perceraian, atau perubahan besar dalam hidup (misalnya pindah rumah/sekolah) juga bisa memicu gangguan ini.
Selain itu, pola asuh orangtua yang terlalu protektif atau cemas juga dapat memperkuat ketergantungan anak secara emosional. Faktor keturunan juga bisa berperan, terutama jika ada riwayat gangguan kecemasan dalam keluarga.
Tata Laksana dan Penanganan Mudah oleh Orang tua
Secara medis, penanganan SAD dimulai dari evaluasi oleh psikiater atau psikolog anak. Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan wawancara klinis dan gejala yang sesuai dengan kriteria DSM-5.
Terapi utama yang dianjurkan adalah terapi kognitif perilaku (CBT), di mana anak diajarkan untuk mengenali dan mengelola pikiran serta rasa cemasnya secara sehat. Pada kasus yang cukup berat, terutama jika terapi psikologis belum menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan, dokter mungkin akan meresepkan obat antidepresan ringan seperti SSRI, tentu dengan pengawasan ketat.
Bagi orang tua, peran mereka sangat penting dalam proses pemulihan anak. Hal-hal sederhana seperti menjaga rutinitas harian yang konsisten, melatih perpisahan secara bertahap, serta memberikan dukungan emosional yang stabil sangat membantu. Orang tua juga sebaiknya menghindari memberi janji palsu terkait durasi perpisahan, dan bisa memberikan benda transisi seperti boneka atau foto keluarga agar anak merasa aman. Tetap bersikap tenang saat anak cemas adalah kunci, karena sikap orang tua akan mempengaruhi respons emosional anak.
Dengan pendekatan yang tepat, anak dengan SAD memiliki peluang besar untuk pulih dan tumbuh dengan rasa percaya diri yang lebih baik dalam menghadapi perpisahan.
Sumber :
dr. Adetha Hervitri. “Separation Anxiety Disorder pada Anak dan Cara Mengatasinya.” Primaya Hospital, https://primayahospital.com/anak/separation-anxiety-disorder/. 2025.
Dr. Julieta Aguilera Vazquez. “Gejala gangguan kecemasan perpisahan berdasarkan usia dan cara membantu anak Anda.” CHOC, 26 September 2023, https://health.choc.org/age-by-age-symptoms-of-separation-anxiety-disorder-and-how-to-help-your-child/. 2025.
Nurfitriyanie, and Farida Kurniawati. “Program Intervensi pada Anak dengan Separation Anxiety Disorder.” Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, vol. 7, no. 1, 2023, 439-454, https://obsesi.or.id/index.php/obsesi/article/view/2415/pdf. 2025.
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